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toe walking
Toe walking refers to a condition where a person walks on his or her toes without putting much weight on the heel or any other part of the foot. Toe walking in toddlers is common. These children usually adopt a normal walking pattern as they grow older. If a child continues to walk on his or her toes past the age of three, he or she should be evaluated by a doctor.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Toe Walking at mayoclinic.com )〕
Toe walking can be caused by different factors. One type of toe walking is also called "habitual" or "idiopathic" toe walking, where the cause is unknown. Other causes include a congenital short Achilles tendon, muscle spasticity (especially as associated with cerebral palsy) and paralytic muscle disease such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy.〔 A congenital shortening of the Achilles tendon can be hereditary, can take place over time as the result of abnormal foot structure which shortens the tendon, or can shorten over time if its full length is not being used. Toe walking is sometimes caused by a bone block located at the ankle which prevents the antagonist movement, dorsiflexion. This cause is often associated with trauma or arthritis.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Equinus Deformity at Foot Associates of Central Texas, LLC )〕 It may also be one way of accommodating a separate condition, foot drop. Persistent toe walking in children has been identified as a potential early sign of autism.
Studies have been performed to determine the source of the association between toe walking and cerebral palsy patients. One study suggests that the toe walking – sometimes called an equinus gait - associated with cerebral palsy presents with an abnormally short medial and lateral gastrocnemius and soleus – the primary muscles involved in plantarflexion. A separate study found that the gait could be a compensatory movement due to weakened plantarflexion muscles. The study performed clinical studies to determine that a greater plantarflexion force is required for normal heel-to-toe walking than for toe walking. Able bodied children were tasked to perform gaits at different levels of toe walking and the study discovered that their toe walking could not reduce the force to the levels that cerebral palsy patients indicated in their walk. This suggests that cerebral palsy in which an equinus gait is present may be due to abnormally weakened plantarflexion that can only manage toe walking.
==Diagnosis==
A doctor will typically evaluate whether there is bilateral (both legs) toe walking, what the child's range of motion is (how far he or she can flex his or her feet) and perform a basic neurological exam. Treatment will depend on the cause of the condition.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Toe Walking at orthoseek.com )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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